| Execution Process | Testers execute test cases manually without automation tools. | Automated test scripts are created and executed by testing tools. |
| Exploratory Testing | Involves exploratory testing, relying on testers' intuition. | Limited role in exploratory testing; mainly follows predefined scripts. |
| Speed and Efficiency | Time-consuming, especially for repetitive tasks. | Faster and more efficient, suitable for repeated execution. |
| Adaptability to Changes | Highly adaptable to changes; test cases can be easily modified. | Less adaptable in the early stages due to script maintenance efforts. |
| Repeatability | Results may vary based on manual execution. | Highly repeatable, providing consistent results in each run. |
| Scripting Requirement | No scripting required; test cases are manually executed. | Requires scripting skills; test scripts are created using programming languages. |
| Initial Investment | Minimal initial investment in tools and infrastructure. | Requires an initial investment in tools, training, and infrastructure. |
| Suitability for | Best suited for exploratory testing, small projects, or initial stages. | Ideal for repetitive tasks, regression testing, and large-scale projects. |
| Human Intervention | Direct human intervention is required for test execution. | Limited human intervention during test execution. |
| Flexibility | Provides flexibility, allowing testers to adapt to changes easily. | Less flexible in handling changes due to script maintenance efforts. |
| Learning Curve | Generally easier for beginners to learn and perform. | May have a steeper learning curve, especially for non-programmers. |
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